Also known as: Bee glue, Bee propolis
Propolis is a resinous substance collected by honeybees from tree buds and bark, used to seal and protect the hive. Rich in polyphenols and flavonoids, it has demonstrated antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties in preclinical and preliminary clinical studies.
Propolis is a complex mixture of resins, waxes, essential oils, pollen, and organic compounds that honeybees produce to maintain structural integrity and sterility within the hive. Its composition varies depending on the geographic region and available flora, but typically contains over 300 bioactive compounds, with flavonoids such as chrysin, pinocembrin, and galangin being the most pharmacologically significant. Research has identified broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses, as well as anti-inflammatory effects mediated through inhibition of COX-2 and NF-κB pathways. Clinical studies, though generally small, have shown benefits for oral health (reducing gingivitis and dental plaque), wound healing, cold sore duration, and upper respiratory tract infections. Brazilian green propolis, rich in artepillin C, and European propolis, rich in flavonoids, are among the most studied varieties.
Clinical trials show propolis-containing mouthwashes and toothpastes significantly reduce dental plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation, comparable to chlorhexidine in some studies.
A randomized trial found topical propolis ointment healed cold sores faster than acyclovir in some measures, attributed to its antiviral and wound-healing properties.
Propolis demonstrates broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity in vitro and has shown immune-modulating effects including enhanced macrophage activity in animal models.
Divided into 2–3 doses with meals
Dosing varies widely between studies due to differences in propolis type and standardization. Look for products standardized to flavonoid or polyphenol content.
Throat and oral health applications
Systemic supplementation
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